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Diligence research

What we find in private-fund PPMs

Across 683 private funds we've scored and read, here's how often the structural and document-quality issues show up. The most common: 42%spelling / typo — commision.

Document quality

42%
Spelling / typo — COMMISION
285 of 683 funds
29%
Broken cross-reference — Section 6.1.2(a)(ii)
197 of 683 funds
20%
Defined-term defect — the Company
135 of 683 funds
18%
Unfilled placeholder text — [DATE]
121 of 683 funds
15%
Document-quality defect — Independent Directors definition — missing numeral
105 of 683 funds
15%
Spelling / typo — Indemnities
101 of 683 funds
12%
Unfilled placeholder text — [ ]
79 of 683 funds
11%
Numeric inconsistency — Aggregate par value of all authorized Shares
76 of 683 funds
10%
Numeric inconsistency — Class T Common Shares authorized count
71 of 683 funds
8%
Numeric inconsistency — Company telephone number
57 of 683 funds
7%
Unfilled placeholder text — [ ]
51 of 683 funds
7%
Document-quality defect — 'our 2015 taxable year'
46 of 683 funds
4%
Defined-term defect — Available Cash
29 of 683 funds
3%
Document-quality defect — ACTIVCARE INCOME FUND, LLC
20 of 683 funds
3%
Broken cross-reference — Section 5.1D(3)(a)
19 of 683 funds
2%
Spelling / typo — affirmative vote affirmative vote
14 of 683 funds
2%
Document-quality defect — ASU 2016-02 mis-dated/mis-cited (2019)
11 of 683 funds
1%
Defined-term defect — 100% Recapture Property termination Fee Escrow
6 of 683 funds
1%
Defined-term defect — Advisor / Advisory Agreement
4 of 683 funds
1%
Numeric inconsistency — Aggregate par value of authorized Shares
4 of 683 funds
0%
Spelling / typo — $3,2000,000
3 of 683 funds

Waterfall structure

20%
Disposition Fee (3%) is taken above the waterfall
135 of 683 funds
6%
A 7% preferred return is stated but no waterfall tier pays it
38 of 683 funds
3%
Waterfall splits to the GP with no explicit return-of-capital tier
18 of 683 funds
2%
GP earns a promote but no tier returns LP capital first
12 of 683 funds
1%
All Distributions tier 1 over-allocates: shares sum to 200%, not 100%
10 of 683 funds
1%
Full (100%) GP catch-up to a 20% carry
5 of 683 funds
0%
Full (100%) GP catch-up to a 30% carry
2 of 683 funds

DDQ gaps

13%
DDQ gap: Does the fund engage an independent auditor?
89 of 683 funds
13%
DDQ gap: What is the GP's capital commitment (skin in the game)?
87 of 683 funds
13%
DDQ gap: Does the fund use a third-party fund administrator?
87 of 683 funds
12%
DDQ gap: Does the fund have a GP clawback provision?
85 of 683 funds
10%
DDQ gap: What is the LP/GP carried-interest split above the preferred return?
68 of 683 funds
6%
DDQ gap: What is the preferred return (hurdle) rate offered to LPs?
40 of 683 funds
5%
DDQ gap: Is there a GP catch-up, and at what rate?
31 of 683 funds
5%
DDQ gap: What distribution-waterfall structure does the fund use?
31 of 683 funds
4%
DDQ gap: What is the target offering size?
28 of 683 funds
3%
DDQ gap: What is the minimum LP investment?
22 of 683 funds
2%
DDQ gap: Is the fund's fee schedule disclosed (management fee, etc.)?
16 of 683 funds
0%
DDQ gap: What is the fund's vintage year?
3 of 683 funds

These are deterministic structural checks and document-quality findings produced from extracted PPM data — see how any individual fund scores on the LP-favorability leaderboard or compare two funds side by side. Educational only; not investment advice.